一、K8s 核心概念

• Pod：最小调度单元，一个 Pod 可包含多个容器
• Deployment：声明 Pod 副本数和更新策略
• Service：为 Pod 提供稳定的访问入口
• Ingress：HTTP/HTTPS 路由

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二、Dockerfile 准备

FROM eclipse-temurin:21-jre-alpine
WORKDIR /app
COPY target/*.jar app.jar
EXPOSE 8080
ENTRYPOINT ["java", "-jar", "app.jar"]

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三、K8s 部署文件

# deployment.yaml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: myapp
spec:
  replicas: 3
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: myapp
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: myapp
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: myapp
        image: myapp:1.0.0
        ports:
        - containerPort: 8080
        resources:
          limits:
            memory: "512Mi"
            cpu: "500m"
          requests:
            memory: "256Mi"
            cpu: "250m"

# service.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: myapp-svc
spec:
  selector:
    app: myapp
  ports:
  - port: 80
    targetPort: 8080
  type: ClusterIP

# ingress.yaml
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  name: myapp-ingress
spec:
  rules:
  - host: myapp.example.com
    http:
      paths:
      - path: /
        pathType: Prefix
        backend:
          service:
            name: myapp-svc
            port:
              number: 80

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四、健康检查配置

        livenessProbe:
          httpGet:
            path: /actuator/health
            port: 8080
          initialDelaySeconds: 30
          periodSeconds: 10
        readinessProbe:
          httpGet:
            path: /actuator/health
            port: 8080
          initialDelaySeconds: 5
          periodSeconds: 5

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五、部署命令

# 构建镜像并推送
docker build -t myapp:1.0.0 .
docker tag myapp:1.0.0 registry.example.com/myapp:1.0.0
docker push registry.example.com/myapp:1.0.0

# 部署到 K8s
kubectl apply -f deployment.yaml
kubectl apply -f service.yaml
kubectl apply -f ingress.yaml

# 查看状态
kubectl get pods -l app=myapp
kubectl get svc myapp-svc
kubectl get ingress myapp-ingress

# 滚动更新
kubectl set image deployment/myapp myapp=myapp:1.1.0
kubectl rollout status deployment/myapp

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六、可观测性配置

# 日志收集（ELK/EFK）
kubectl logs -f deployment/myapp

# 监控（Prometheus + Grafana）
kubectl top pods
kubectl top nodes

# 扩缩容
kubectl scale deployment myapp --replicas=5
kubectl autoscale deployment myapp --min=2 --max=10 --cpu-percent=70

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总结

Kubernetes 是现代微服务架构的核心。核心要点：Deployment 管理 Pod 副本、Service 提供内部访问、Ingress 实现外部路由、健康检查保证可用性。