一、Tomcat性能调优

1. 线程池配置

<!-- server.xml -->
<Connector port="8080" protocol="HTTP/1.1"
           connectionTimeout="20000"
           redirectPort="8443"
           maxThreads="500"
           minSpareThreads="50"
           maxConnections="10000"
           acceptCount="200"
           keepAliveTimeout="30000"
           maxKeepAliveRequests="100"
           compression="on"
           compressionMinSize="2048"
           compressableMimeType="text/html,text/xml,text/plain,application/json"/>

参数说明：

2. JVM参数优化

# catalina.sh
JAVA_OPTS="-server \
    -Xms4g -Xmx4g \
    -Xmn2g \
    -XX:MetaspaceSize=256m \
    -XX:MaxMetaspaceSize=512m \
    -XX:+UseG1GC \
    -XX:MaxGCPauseMillis=200 \
    -XX:G1HeapRegionSize=16m \
    -XX:+HeapDumpOnOutOfMemoryError \
    -XX:HeapDumpPath=/logs/heapdump.hprof \
    -XX:+PrintGCDetails \
    -XX:+PrintGCDateStamps \
    -Xloggc:/logs/gc.log"

3. NIO连接器

<!-- 使用NIO连接器（默认） -->
<Connector port="8080" protocol="org.apache.coyote.http11.Http11NioProtocol"
           maxThreads="500"
           maxConnections="10000"
           acceptCount="200"/>

<!-- 使用NIO2连接器（异步IO） -->
<Connector port="8080" protocol="org.apache.coyote.http11.Http11Nio2Protocol"
           maxThreads="500"
           maxConnections="10000"/>

4. 静态资源优化

<!-- 开启静态资源缓存 -->
<servlet>
    <servlet-name>default</servlet-name>
    <servlet-class>org.apache.catalina.servlets.DefaultServlet</servlet-class>
    <init-param>
        <param-name>debug</param-name>
        <param-value>0</param-value>
    </init-param>
    <init-param>
        <param-name>listings</param-name>
        <param-value>false</param-value>
    </init-param>
    <init-param>
        <param-name>sendfileSize</param-name>
        <param-value>48</param-value>
    </init-param>
    <load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup>
</servlet>

二、Nginx性能调优

1. 基础配置

# nginx.conf
user nginx;
worker_processes auto;  # 自动设置为CPU核数
worker_cpu_affinity auto;  # CPU亲和性

error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log warn;
pid /var/run/nginx.pid;

# 最大文件描述符
worker_rlimit_nofile 65535;

events {
    worker_connections 65535;  # 每个worker最大连接数
    use epoll;                 # 使用epoll（Linux）
    multi_accept on;           # 一次接受多个连接
}

http {
    include /etc/nginx/mime.types;
    default_type application/octet-stream;
    
    # 日志格式
    log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
                    '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
                    '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for" '
                    '$request_time $upstream_response_time';
    
    access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log main buffer=32k flush=5s;
    
    # 基础优化
    sendfile on;
    tcp_nopush on;
    tcp_nodelay on;
    keepalive_timeout 65;
    keepalive_requests 1000;
    
    # 压缩
    gzip on;
    gzip_min_length 1k;
    gzip_comp_level 6;
    gzip_types text/plain text/css application/json application/javascript;
    gzip_vary on;
    
    # 缓冲区
    client_body_buffer_size 128k;
    client_max_body_size 100m;
    client_header_buffer_size 1k;
    large_client_header_buffers 4 4k;
    
    # 超时
    client_body_timeout 60s;
    client_header_timeout 60s;
    send_timeout 60s;
    
    # 上游连接池
    upstream backend {
        keepalive 100;  # 保持100个长连接
        
        server 192.168.1.10:8080 weight=3;
        server 192.168.1.11:8080 weight=3;
        server 192.168.1.12:8080 weight=2;
        server 192.168.1.13:8080 backup;
    }
    
    server {
        listen 80;
        server_name example.com;
        
        # 静态资源缓存
        location ~* \.(jpg|jpeg|png|gif|ico|css|js)$ {
            expires 30d;
            add_header Cache-Control "public, no-transform";
        }
        
        # API代理
        location /api/ {
            proxy_pass http://backend;
            proxy_http_version 1.1;
            proxy_set_header Connection "";  # 启用长连接
            proxy_set_header Host $host;
            proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
            proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
            
            # 超时配置
            proxy_connect_timeout 5s;
            proxy_read_timeout 60s;
            proxy_send_timeout 60s;
            
            # 缓冲区
            proxy_buffer_size 4k;
            proxy_buffers 8 4k;
            proxy_busy_buffers_size 8k;
        }
    }
}

2. 缓存配置

# 代理缓存
proxy_cache_path /var/cache/nginx levels=1:2 keys_zone=api_cache:10m 
                 max_size=1g inactive=60m use_temp_path=off;

server {
    location /api/product/ {
        proxy_cache api_cache;
        proxy_cache_key "$scheme$request_method$host$request_uri";
        proxy_cache_valid 200 10m;
        proxy_cache_valid 404 1m;
        proxy_cache_use_stale error timeout updating;
        
        add_header X-Cache-Status $upstream_cache_status;
        
        proxy_pass http://backend;
    }
}

3. 限流配置

# 限流区域
limit_req_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=api_limit:10m rate=100r/s;
limit_conn_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=conn_limit:10m;

server {
    location /api/ {
        # 请求限流
        limit_req zone=api_limit burst=200 nodelay;
        limit_req_status 429;
        
        # 连接限流
        limit_conn conn_limit 100;
        limit_conn_status 503;
        
        proxy_pass http://backend;
    }
}

4. SSL优化

server {
    listen 443 ssl http2;
    
    ssl_certificate /etc/nginx/ssl/cert.pem;
    ssl_certificate_key /etc/nginx/ssl/key.pem;
    
    # SSL优化
    ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:10m;
    ssl_session_timeout 10m;
    ssl_session_tickets off;
    
    ssl_protocols TLSv1.2 TLSv1.3;
    ssl_ciphers ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256;
    ssl_prefer_server_ciphers off;
    
    # HSTS
    add_header Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=63072000" always;
    
    # OCSP Stapling
    ssl_stapling on;
    ssl_stapling_verify on;
}

三、性能对比

四、总结

Tomcat和Nginx调优是提升系统性能的重要手段：

• Tomcat：线程池、JVM参数、NIO连接器
• Nginx：worker配置、缓存、限流、SSL优化
• 监控：持续监控性能指标

最佳实践：

1. 根据服务器配置调整线程数
2. 开启Gzip压缩
3. 合理配置缓存
4. 使用HTTP/2

个人观点，仅供参考